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Solar energy, the third-largest renewable energy source after hydropower and wind, has emerged as a clean, sustainable, and powerful alternative to fossil fuels. The sunlight striking the Earth is more than 10,000 times the world’s total energy use, and technologies to harvest as much solar energy as possible are surging rapidly. Since the first commercial silicon (Si) solar panels created by Bell Laboratories in 1954, the most common technologies today use different forms of Si-based solar cells and  convert  up to 20%  of the sunlight  to electricity. According to  IEA’s market analysis , the generation of solar photovoltaics (PV) — the process of converting sunlight into electricity — has reached 720 TWh in 2019 from 585 TWh in 2018 and is expected to grow up to 1,940 TWh by 2025. The  current  maximum global capacity of solar energy is  592 GW , contributing 2.2% to global electricity generation. A  typical solar cell  consists of semiconducting materials such as p- and n-type sili

The lithium-ion cells like all other battery chemistries have a safe operational area (SoA), where they can yield optimal efficiency. This thermal region for these cells is comparatively narrow. The ability to discharge at higher capacities puts these cells at the risk of rapid rise in temperature and reducing the life cycle in the process along with the integrity of compound and efficiency. To keep this in check the thermal stability of these cells becomes very important, to make them operate under safe thermal region and prevent any hazard. Technical Consultant: Primary and secondary batteries technology, design, specification and use with specific experience in military and aerospace batteries. Lithium and aqueous batteries design and development including batter systems of Li-12, Li-Mn02 and Li-SOC12. Military (naval mines) and aerospace batteries working with sophisticated microelectronics. Infrared, colorimetric and electrochemical sensors. Medical applications for sensors. Mecha